# Pre-Positioned Targets: 49 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence In an era of modern warfare, nuclear plants function as radiological hazards vulnerable to military capture and bombardment. Authors: nineDan HTML: https://moyomap.com/maps/pre-positioned-targets Markdown: https://moyomap.com/maps/pre-positioned-targets.md License: HTML and markdown are for reading and citation. Bulk copying and AI training need a written license. See /terms and /developers#maps-data. Cite a claim as: MoyoMap, "Pre-Positioned Targets: 49 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence", claim {id}, https://moyomap.com/maps/pre-positioned-targets.md#{id}. “Moyo, a product of SenTeGuard Inc.” ### Civilian nuclear infrastructure creates severe geopolitical and warfare vulnerabilities that traditional safety models o Id: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Parent: topic_h2st7Nz41DMxRR7bpG0l Depth: 1 The physical vulnerability of civilian nuclear stations to conventional military targeting presents an unmitigated hazard during armed conflict. Labels: Inferred, High, investigate ### Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident details Id: section_19de5be0d2b8b21801cf1d18 Parent: topic_h2st7Nz41DMxRR7bpG0l Depth: 1 Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident details Labels: Inferred, Low ### Three Mile Island Unit 2 and TMI-1 subsequent events Id: section_1f16a66235181a71cde4a65a Parent: topic_h2st7Nz41DMxRR7bpG0l Depth: 1 Three Mile Island Unit 2 and TMI-1 subsequent events Labels: Inferred, Low ### Chernobyl Unit 4 accident details Id: section_4bbc9332f79197be93f210fd Parent: topic_h2st7Nz41DMxRR7bpG0l Depth: 1 Chernobyl Unit 4 accident details Labels: Inferred, Low ### Energy source death rates Id: section_9668a4f1dff93a40eaf360b6 Parent: topic_h2st7Nz41DMxRR7bpG0l Depth: 1 Energy source death rates Labels: Inferred, Low #### The undamaged sister unit, TMI-1, operated until 2019. Id: claim_02fb189234c53b7c3bf42dcd Parent: section_1f16a66235181a71cde4a65a Depth: 2 The undamaged sister unit, TMI-1, operated until 2019. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known #### Article 56 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions grants civilian nuclear electrical stations spe… Id: claim_04dff7a99c835c0ef6499959 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Article 56 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions grants civilian nuclear electrical stations special protection against military attack if targeting them could release dangerous forces and cause severe civilian harm. Labels: Inferred, Low #### Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant has experienced at least 26 total losses of off-site power (LOOP) during the… Id: claim_1d8f723d29477e4871abe07f Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant has experienced at least 26 total losses of off-site power (LOOP) during the conflict, requiring continuous emergency diesel generator reliance for cooling. Labels: Inferred, Medium #### IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi has repeatedly declared that military activities around the Russian-occup… Id: claim_47c7e31657e403da2d692a9f Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi has repeatedly declared that military activities around the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant create ongoing dangers to nuclear safety, compromising multiple IAEA safety pillars. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### The IAEA established Seven Indispensable Pillars for nuclear safety and security during armed conflict in Mar… Id: claim_4fc9c9f578c498341cb753ce Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 The IAEA established Seven Indispensable Pillars for nuclear safety and security during armed conflict in March 2022, covering facility physical integrity, functioning safety systems, staff working conditions, off-site power, supply logistics, radiation monitoring, and regulatory communications. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Drone attacks against the nearby Zaporizhzhia Thermal Power Plant damaged electrical transformers essential f… Id: claim_57643d69e32f791eec11f047 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Drone attacks against the nearby Zaporizhzhia Thermal Power Plant damaged electrical transformers essential for supplying off-site power to the nuclear station and knocked out an off-site radiation monitoring station. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### IAEA monitoring teams at Zaporizhzhia have faced access restrictions to key areas, including western turbine… Id: claim_660e9c7b6dee24bd178d711e Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 IAEA monitoring teams at Zaporizhzhia have faced access restrictions to key areas, including western turbine halls, switchyards, and the cooling pond gate, while encountering landmines within buffer zones. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### A RUSI analysis found that the primary vulnerability of Ukrainian nuclear stations is not direct containment… Id: claim_679bc8c3f654208b717e87ee Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 A RUSI analysis found that the primary vulnerability of Ukrainian nuclear stations is not direct containment breaches causing Chernobyl-scale events, but systemic support failures (power and cooling disruption) leading to Fukushima-type scenarios. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Our World in Data's comparison, based on Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) and Sovacool et al. Id: claim_6978e82ddfec42d661760524 Parent: section_9668a4f1dff93a40eaf360b6 Depth: 2 Our World in Data's comparison, based on Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) and Sovacool et al. (2016), estimates nuclear power at approximately 0.03 deaths per terawatt-hour. Labels: Source-linked, Medium, known #### Diesel fuel deliveries to Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant have faced critical replenishment delays due to sh… Id: claim_6caff56e7e42b41dacdaf812 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Diesel fuel deliveries to Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant have faced critical replenishment delays due to shelling and drone strikes targeting plant access roads. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### Drone strikes inside the protected perimeter of Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant struck a laboratory utility… Id: claim_6f8505ca3a986368c9831310 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Drone strikes inside the protected perimeter of Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant struck a laboratory utility building and a radioactive waste processing building approximately 200 meters from Reactor Units 4 and 5. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### Standard Design-Basis Threat (DBT) frameworks for commercial nuclear installations traditionally account for… Id: claim_7b0bfd8730701de80e559c27 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Standard Design-Basis Threat (DBT) frameworks for commercial nuclear installations traditionally account for non-state sabotage and terrorism rather than state-level military occupation or artillery targeting. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Brown coal (lignite) is estimated to cause approximately 24.6 deaths per terawatt-hour, according to Our Worl… Id: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Parent: section_9668a4f1dff93a40eaf360b6 Depth: 2 Brown coal (lignite) is estimated to cause approximately 24.6 deaths per terawatt-hour, according to Our World in Data's comparison. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known #### Dry spent fuel storage installations at nuclear sites like Zaporizhzhia have less structural shielding than p… Id: claim_be1eda201920a153300a5d0a Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Dry spent fuel storage installations at nuclear sites like Zaporizhzhia have less structural shielding than primary reactor containments, creating localized dispersion risks if hit by conventional missile strikes. Labels: Inferred, Low #### Nuclear power deaths are concentrated, visible, and attributable to specific named events, unlike fossil fuel… Id: claim_cffb287e940f54132ce5b5fe Parent: section_19de5be0d2b8b21801cf1d18 Depth: 2 Nuclear power deaths are concentrated, visible, and attributable to specific named events, unlike fossil fuel deaths which are diffuse and statistical. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known #### The Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident occurred on March 28, 1979, in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Id: claim_d379a07d0809979dfb82a5f7 Parent: section_19de5be0d2b8b21801cf1d18 Depth: 2 The Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident occurred on March 28, 1979, in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Labels: Inferred, Low, known #### The Chernobyl Unit 4 accident occurred on April 26, 1986, in the Ukrainian SSR. Id: claim_d611984e4bd6b814e905a96f Parent: section_4bbc9332f79197be93f210fd Depth: 2 The Chernobyl Unit 4 accident occurred on April 26, 1986, in the Ukrainian SSR. Labels: Inferred, Low, known #### Civilian nuclear containment structures are engineered to survive commercial aircraft impacts as beyond-desig… Id: claim_f2f82562e5e94f1384aa9bc2 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Civilian nuclear containment structures are engineered to survive commercial aircraft impacts as beyond-design-basis accidents, but are not designed to withstand sustained artillery barrages or precision military munitions. Labels: Inferred, Low #### Despite strikes on auxiliary structures and external infrastructure, the six reactor units at Zaporizhzhia ma… Id: claim_f791b7d07e9f390a79f9e658 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Despite strikes on auxiliary structures and external infrastructure, the six reactor units at Zaporizhzhia maintained physical containment integrity without radiation releases, aided by all reactors being placed in cold shutdown. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Shelling during 2022 damaged auxiliary structures at Zaporizhzhia including a training center, administrative… Id: claim_fc961442335d68e1effc8ac2 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 Shelling during 2022 damaged auxiliary structures at Zaporizhzhia including a training center, administrative buildings, a nitrogen-oxygen station, and electrical switchgear, while Russian military vehicles and MLRS were deployed inside turbine halls. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### On May 30, 2023, the IAEA presented Five Concrete Principles to the UN Security Council prohibiting attacks f… Id: claim_fe9ba168fd9e9b4846d8c420 Parent: claim_8d5bfa34d42dd19cad7ef415 Depth: 2 On May 30, 2023, the IAEA presented Five Concrete Principles to the UN Security Council prohibiting attacks from or against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, using it for heavy weapons storage, or endangering its off-site power supply. Labels: Source-linked, Low ##### The cleanup of Three Mile Island Unit 2 lasted approximately 14 years and cost about $1 billion. Id: claim_1033d2ba1aad23a399c2946c Parent: claim_d379a07d0809979dfb82a5f7 Depth: 3 The cleanup of Three Mile Island Unit 2 lasted approximately 14 years and cost about $1 billion. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ##### Multiplying the 2007 Markandya & Wilkinson/ExternE rates by 2021 global electricity output undercounts total… Id: claim_29e711926c630c547bb8829f Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Multiplying the 2007 Markandya & Wilkinson/ExternE rates by 2021 global electricity output undercounts total fossil electricity deaths relative to newer sector-attributable estimates. Labels: Inferred, Medium ##### The figures for brown coal/lignite and hard coal death rates derive from Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) in The… Id: claim_2b05b53996aac68003670151 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 The figures for brown coal/lignite and hard coal death rates derive from Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) in The Lancet, specifically Table 2, which is based on the EU ExternE project for European fuel cycles. Labels: Source-linked, Medium ##### Global average death rates for coal could be 4–9 times higher (~93–224 deaths/TWh) than the Markandya & Wilki… Id: claim_3431e354285bf260c1104f26 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Global average death rates for coal could be 4–9 times higher (~93–224 deaths/TWh) than the Markandya & Wilkinson/ExternE figures, based on more recent research such as Lelieveld et al. which estimates far higher fossil-fuel air-pollution mortality. Labels: Inferred, High ##### There were no deaths or detectable health effects from the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident. Id: claim_50fcbf7d33eafee49f77b8ed Parent: claim_d379a07d0809979dfb82a5f7 Depth: 3 There were no deaths or detectable health effects from the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known ##### Accident fatalities are a minor component (~0.12 deaths/TWh combined public + occupational for both lignite a… Id: claim_54b120d4a9e51f8faeee95ce Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Accident fatalities are a minor component (~0.12 deaths/TWh combined public + occupational for both lignite and coal in the 2007 table) of the death rate for lignite and coal. Labels: Inferred, Medium ##### The Kemeny Commission, chaired by Dartmouth College president John Kemeny, reported in October 1979 that the… Id: claim_77411d18120ef5c27a0363fc Parent: claim_d379a07d0809979dfb82a5f7 Depth: 3 The Kemeny Commission, chaired by Dartmouth College president John Kemeny, reported in October 1979 that the fundamental problems at Three Mile Island were people, procedures, and management, not hardware. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known ##### Our World in Data (OWID) explicitly states that nuclear energy results in 99.9% fewer deaths than brown coal… Id: claim_8da41fd7549d34d6f4da53d7 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Our World in Data (OWID) explicitly states that nuclear energy results in 99.9% fewer deaths than brown coal and 99.8% fewer deaths than coal, using these rates in its safety comparisons. Labels: Source-linked, High ##### Lignite's higher per-TWh death rate compared to hard coal is largely due to its lower energy density (typical… Id: claim_a13e06659491c7a8b9aa61fd Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Lignite's higher per-TWh death rate compared to hard coal is largely due to its lower energy density (typically <16.5 MJ/kg vs. 16.5–32.5 MJ/kg for hard coal) and higher moisture/ash/sulfur content in many deposits. Labels: Inferred, High ##### The Chernobyl accident was caused by a botched turbine-coast-down safety test at low power, combined with the… Id: claim_aa232636016ad9135c88cbdb Parent: claim_d611984e4bd6b814e905a96f Depth: 3 The Chernobyl accident was caused by a botched turbine-coast-down safety test at low power, combined with the RBMK reactor's positive void coefficient and a graphite-tipped control rod design flaw. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ##### The death rate figures for nuclear power and brown coal include both accident fatalities and air-pollution mo… Id: claim_adb189b4c385645803ca1078 Parent: claim_6978e82ddfec42d661760524 Depth: 3 The death rate figures for nuclear power and brown coal include both accident fatalities and air-pollution mortality. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ##### Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) data shows lignite/brown coal causes approximately 32.6 air-pollution-related de… Id: claim_ba0ee7b683d0e4b2fae035b5 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) data shows lignite/brown coal causes approximately 32.6 air-pollution-related deaths per TWh (with a 95% CI of 8.2–130) and approximately 0.12 accident deaths (public + occupational), totaling approximately 32.72 deaths per TWh. Labels: Source-linked, High ##### In 2024, Constellation Energy announced plans to restart TMI-1 as the "Crane Clean Energy Center" under a pow… Id: claim_ba9b55098ae3887d8f50a455 Parent: claim_02fb189234c53b7c3bf42dcd Depth: 3 In 2024, Constellation Energy announced plans to restart TMI-1 as the "Crane Clean Energy Center" under a power deal with Microsoft. Labels: Source-linked, Low, investigate ##### Our World in Data (OWID) and related analyses note that the Markandya & Wilkinson/ExternE European figures ar… Id: claim_d4522c3480dd723cf01a283e Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Our World in Data (OWID) and related analyses note that the Markandya & Wilkinson/ExternE European figures are likely very conservative because they are based on state-of-the-art plants with pollution controls and older air-pollution health models. Labels: Source-linked, Medium ##### Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) data shows hard coal causes approximately 24.5 air-pollution-related deaths per… Id: claim_d9727d20365a98dd682a0971 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) data shows hard coal causes approximately 24.5 air-pollution-related deaths per TWh and approximately 0.12 accident deaths, totaling approximately 24.62 deaths per TWh. Labels: Inferred, High ##### Chronic effects account for 88–99% of deaths associated with energy production, according to Markandya & Wilk… Id: claim_e87e64c932bf708d5a717f85 Parent: claim_8d24999cfe60321d59a48afd Depth: 3 Chronic effects account for 88–99% of deaths associated with energy production, according to Markandya & Wilkinson (2007) data. Labels: Inferred, Medium ##### The Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident involved a partial meltdown of approximately half of the reactor core. Id: claim_fc73d6e1a13da00e1d54f614 Parent: claim_d379a07d0809979dfb82a5f7 Depth: 3 The Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident involved a partial meltdown of approximately half of the reactor core. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ##### The Chernobyl accident resulted in a power excursion, steam explosion, and a graphite fire that burned for ap… Id: claim_fe7939a4f6a2fde1e0bff2da Parent: claim_d611984e4bd6b814e905a96f Depth: 3 The Chernobyl accident resulted in a power excursion, steam explosion, and a graphite fire that burned for approximately 10 days. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ###### Two workers died in the explosion during the Chernobyl accident. Id: claim_52852e2ffd886c0a28c174a0 Parent: claim_fe7939a4f6a2fde1e0bff2da Depth: 4 Two workers died in the explosion during the Chernobyl accident. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known ###### The Kemeny Commission recommended abolishing and restructuring the NRC's management. Id: claim_63a7471667e32ef5ab4eda46 Parent: claim_77411d18120ef5c27a0363fc Depth: 4 The Kemeny Commission recommended abolishing and restructuring the NRC's management. Labels: Source-linked, Medium, known ###### The NRC states that the average dose to the approximately 2 million people in the Three Mile Island area was… Id: claim_cc891ca50b60d88c55602d75 Parent: claim_50fcbf7d33eafee49f77b8ed Depth: 4 The NRC states that the average dose to the approximately 2 million people in the Three Mile Island area was about 1 millirem. Labels: Source-linked, Medium, known ###### The Three Mile Island Unit 2 partial meltdown was caused by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve and oper… Id: claim_ed34bd84aa5a5de99ba8828c Parent: claim_fc73d6e1a13da00e1d54f614 Depth: 4 The Three Mile Island Unit 2 partial meltdown was caused by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve and operator misdiagnosis. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ###### The natural background radiation in the Three Mile Island area is roughly 100–125 mrem/year. Id: claim_5fc416f87660295fb9e986a2 Parent: claim_cc891ca50b60d88c55602d75 Depth: 5 The natural background radiation in the Three Mile Island area is roughly 100–125 mrem/year. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known