# For: 20 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence Holdings that support an affirmative answer, each with the opinion cited. Authors: MoyoMap contributors HTML: https://moyomap.com/maps/for Markdown: https://moyomap.com/maps/for.md License: HTML and markdown are for reading and citation. Bulk copying and AI training need a written license. See /terms and /developers#maps-data. Cite a claim as: MoyoMap, "For: 20 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence", claim {id}, https://moyomap.com/maps/for.md#{id}. “Moyo, a product of SenTeGuard Inc.” ### Contractual provisions that penalize competitive activity by forfeiting pension rights or deferred compensati… Id: claim_0cddea9260f4cb33cfa99242 Parent: topic_raS2jTefEpXYuUhBwiUz Depth: 1 Contractual provisions that penalize competitive activity by forfeiting pension rights or deferred compensation are void under Section 16600. Labels: Inferred, Medium ### Employers cannot use noncompete covenants to restrict former employees from using their general professional… Id: claim_a865e8aa5a4484dcbbc1ef24 Parent: topic_raS2jTefEpXYuUhBwiUz Depth: 1 Employers cannot use noncompete covenants to restrict former employees from using their general professional expertise, style, or industry training. Labels: Inferred, Medium ### In Edwards v. Id: claim_ccac1f502ea27312ce74ce1b Parent: topic_raS2jTefEpXYuUhBwiUz Depth: 1 In Edwards v. Arthur Andersen LLP, the California Supreme Court held that Section 16600 prohibits non-compete agreements even if they are narrowly tailored. Labels: Inferred, Medium ### The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) ruled in AMN Healthcare, Inc. Id: claim_e26b30abd5eae385e82dd508 Parent: topic_raS2jTefEpXYuUhBwiUz Depth: 1 The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) ruled in AMN Healthcare, Inc. v. Aya Healthcare Services, Inc. (2018) that employee non-solicitation provisions are void under Section 16600. Labels: Source-linked, Medium ### In Thompson v. Id: claim_eb5623ac4452bc9f66d0e2ec Parent: topic_raS2jTefEpXYuUhBwiUz Depth: 1 In Thompson v. Impaxx, Inc. (2003), the California Court of Appeal (Second District) ruled that antisolicitation covenants are void as unlawful business restraints except when protecting trade secrets. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### California Business and Professions Code § 16600.1 renders the execution or attempted enforcement of noncompe… Id: claim_251c9708e57a687f920a276f Parent: claim_ccac1f502ea27312ce74ce1b Depth: 2 California Business and Professions Code § 16600.1 renders the execution or attempted enforcement of noncompete clauses unlawful. Labels: Inferred, Medium #### The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) held in Fillpoint, LLC v. Id: claim_3026dd979eaf59d25ce7055e Parent: claim_0cddea9260f4cb33cfa99242 Depth: 2 The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) held in Fillpoint, LLC v. Maas (2012) that employment agreement covenants targeting an employee's right to pursue their profession are void under Section 16600. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) ruled in Brown v. Id: claim_61ac27ee4b9fe0d4f1bf7c6f Parent: claim_e26b30abd5eae385e82dd508 Depth: 2 The California Court of Appeal (Fourth District) ruled in Brown v. TGS Management Co., LLC (2020) that overly broad confidentiality provisions operate as de facto noncompetes. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### Chamberlin v. Id: claim_69ca41a495170c0abe2e1192 Parent: claim_0cddea9260f4cb33cfa99242 Depth: 2 Chamberlin v. Augustine (1916) held that conditioning the right to pursue a trade upon payment of liquidated damages constitutes an unlawful restraint of trade. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### Under California statutory law, any contract that restrains an individual from engaging in a lawful professio… Id: claim_6e39505448466e69ac97661f Parent: claim_ccac1f502ea27312ce74ce1b Depth: 2 Under California statutory law, any contract that restrains an individual from engaging in a lawful profession, trade, or business is void. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### The California Court of Appeal (Second District) ruled in Metro Traffic Control, Inc. Id: claim_85dba20602ed7c8d7b7a51dd Parent: claim_a865e8aa5a4484dcbbc1ef24 Depth: 2 The California Court of Appeal (Second District) ruled in Metro Traffic Control, Inc. v. Shadow Traffic Network (1994) that an employee's talents and skills belong to them, not the employer. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### California courts lack the authority to 'blue-pencil' or rewrite overbroad employment noncompetition agreemen… Id: claim_86484528b0ab92d4c58d20de Parent: claim_eb5623ac4452bc9f66d0e2ec Depth: 2 California courts lack the authority to 'blue-pencil' or rewrite overbroad employment noncompetition agreements into lawful covenants. Labels: Inferred, Medium #### In Hill Medical Corp. Id: claim_87bd03bfe3d9cba1314aa028 Parent: claim_eb5623ac4452bc9f66d0e2ec Depth: 2 In Hill Medical Corp. v. Wycoff (2001), the California Court of Appeal (Second District) held that the sale-of-business exception under Section 16601 does not validate noncompetition covenants where the stock repurchase reflects internal capital value rather than the transfer of company goodwill. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### In a 2018 follow-up case, Golden v. Id: claim_8909108e04fa48d16fa12f0d Parent: claim_e26b30abd5eae385e82dd508 Depth: 2 In a 2018 follow-up case, Golden v. California Emergency Physicians Medical Group, the Ninth Circuit ruled that a no-employment provision preventing a physician from working at large hospital networks was a substantial restraint void under Section 16600. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### In Dowell v. Id: claim_91afd2bc1eafd5541e20c8fe Parent: claim_e26b30abd5eae385e82dd508 Depth: 2 In Dowell v. Biosense Webster, Inc. (2009), the California Court of Appeal (Second District) held that noncompete and nonsolicitation clauses are void and unenforceable under Section 16600. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### California law mandates that § 16600 be read broadly to void any noncompete agreement in an employment contex… Id: claim_aeb09caadc936315a450a4f3 Parent: claim_ccac1f502ea27312ce74ce1b Depth: 2 California law mandates that § 16600 be read broadly to void any noncompete agreement in an employment context, regardless of how narrowly tailored it is. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### Silguero v. Id: claim_c4eb43403fdecbf6e01434e9 Parent: claim_0cddea9260f4cb33cfa99242 Depth: 2 Silguero v. Creteguard, Inc. (2010) established that an employer commits tortious discharge in violation of public policy if they terminate an employee because a third party asserts an unenforceable noncompete covenant. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### California Business and Professions Code § 16600.5 establishes that contracts void under § 16600 are unenforc… Id: claim_c8dc64f29c50dd5ec026eaaf Parent: claim_ccac1f502ea27312ce74ce1b Depth: 2 California Business and Professions Code § 16600.5 establishes that contracts void under § 16600 are unenforceable regardless of whether they were signed outside California. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### The U.S. Id: claim_ea57725e0d3457128f751617 Parent: claim_eb5623ac4452bc9f66d0e2ec Depth: 2 The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California held in Latona v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare Inc. (1999) that firing an employee for refusing to sign an illegal noncompete supports a Tameny wrongful termination claim. Labels: Source-linked, Medium #### The California Supreme Court in Ixchel Pharma, LLC v. Id: claim_ea7263771baafbca67a22b51 Parent: claim_e26b30abd5eae385e82dd508 Depth: 2 The California Supreme Court in Ixchel Pharma, LLC v. Biogen, Inc. (2020) affirmed that the policy considerations regarding employment mobility from Edwards apply to employment noncompete agreements. Labels: Source-linked, Medium