# Government Housing Mandates and GSE Quotas Sparked the Subprime Crisis: 38 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence Federal affordable housing quotas forced Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to systematically lower credit standards across the mortgage market. Authors: david HTML: https://moyomap.com/maps/government-housing-mandates-gse Markdown: https://moyomap.com/maps/government-housing-mandates-gse.md License: HTML and markdown are for reading and citation. Bulk copying and AI training need a written license. See /terms and /developers#maps-data. Cite a claim as: MoyoMap, "Government Housing Mandates and GSE Quotas Sparked the Subprime Crisis: 38 Sourced Claims, Contested Facts & Evidence", claim {id}, https://moyomap.com/maps/government-housing-mandates-gse.md#{id}. “Moyo, a product of SenTeGuard Inc.” ### The SEC's 2004 Consolidated Supervised Entity (CSE) program brought the holding companies of Lehman Brothers,… Id: claim_735e0279863660f78ba7c1ed Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 The SEC's 2004 Consolidated Supervised Entity (CSE) program brought the holding companies of Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, and Merrill Lynch under SEC supervision. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ### Government affordable housing mandates and GSE quotas drove the subprime mortgage expansion Id: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 HUD affordable housing goals required Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase increasing quotas of low-to-moderate-income loans, reaching 56 percent of their total acquisitions by 2008. Labels: Inferred, High, investigate ### AIG Liquidity Crisis and Derivatives Exposure Id: section_049b2b4fa81eb42a8d1fe11a Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 AIG Liquidity Crisis and Derivatives Exposure Labels: Inferred, Low ### FCIC Findings on Crisis Causes and Oversight Id: section_6ad3cff1673956c51bbcb5cd Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 FCIC Findings on Crisis Causes and Oversight Labels: Inferred, Low ### Failure and Lending Practices of Washington Mutual Id: section_8bdfd445ddca520e2b1ba916 Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 Failure and Lending Practices of Washington Mutual Labels: Inferred, Low ### Senate Levin-Coburn Investigation Id: section_ab7347a044b93a34693dcd60 Parent: topic_xOHRFUy6gYkMuFtNjujA Depth: 1 Senate Levin-Coburn Investigation Labels: Inferred, Low #### A Federal Reserve study by Bhutta found HUD's Underserved Areas Goal produced only a 2.5% to 5% increase in G… Id: claim_0d68b554d566ebfd0dc2b943 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 A Federal Reserve study by Bhutta found HUD's Underserved Areas Goal produced only a 2.5% to 5% increase in GSE purchases in targeted tracts during 2005–2006. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### AIG's collapse was triggered by credit rating downgrades from S&P (to A-), Moody's, and Fitch following Lehma… Id: claim_16c4881ae260e37f22a5ef18 Parent: section_049b2b4fa81eb42a8d1fe11a Depth: 2 AIG's collapse was triggered by credit rating downgrades from S&P (to A-), Moody's, and Fitch following Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy, which required billions in cash collateral for AIG Financial Products' credit default swaps. Labels: Inferred, Low, known #### Alan Greenspan testified before the FCIC that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchased an estimated $214 billion… Id: claim_4ee972b45ce0e1568e326f79 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 Alan Greenspan testified before the FCIC that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchased an estimated $214 billion in subprime private-label securities in 2003–2004 to meet HUD housing goals. Labels: Contested, Low #### Former OFHEO Director Armando Falcon Jr. Id: claim_5918865be0cd17440bf10faa Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 Former OFHEO Director Armando Falcon Jr. testified to the FCIC that GSE investments in subprime and Alt-A mortgages were driven by profit and market share rather than housing goals. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### In 2008, both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac failed to meet the HUD low-and-moderate-income goal of 56%, achievin… Id: claim_599176258ae48777b8a29e15 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 In 2008, both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac failed to meet the HUD low-and-moderate-income goal of 56%, achieving 53.61% and 51.50% respectively. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Washington Mutual Bank was a $300 billion thrift institution that became the largest bank failure in United S… Id: claim_5a26ef26b13db9470edbdce0 Parent: section_8bdfd445ddca520e2b1ba916 Depth: 2 Washington Mutual Bank was a $300 billion thrift institution that became the largest bank failure in United States history. Labels: Inferred, Low, known #### HUD benchmarked its 2005–2008 low-and-moderate-income goal to an estimated 51–57 percent of units financed in… Id: claim_65e0666aeb9d1a59b26cd33e Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 HUD benchmarked its 2005–2008 low-and-moderate-income goal to an estimated 51–57 percent of units financed in the overall conventional conforming market. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) Levin-Coburn inquiry attributed the crisis to four… Id: claim_7130c90fc4b89cdf900e34c7 Parent: section_ab7347a044b93a34693dcd60 Depth: 2 The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) Levin-Coburn inquiry attributed the crisis to four specific causes through case studies of Washington Mutual, Moody's, S&P, Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, and OTS. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known #### In its November 2004 Final Rule, HUD reduced its proposed 2008 low-and-moderate-income housing goal from 57%… Id: claim_829cbbe584dffafeaf6399fe Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 In its November 2004 Final Rule, HUD reduced its proposed 2008 low-and-moderate-income housing goal from 57% to 56%. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### On March 16, 2011, the FDIC filed a lawsuit against three former Washington Mutual executives (Kerry K. Id: claim_889b975c84e1e4c47e15d8a8 Parent: section_8bdfd445ddca520e2b1ba916 Depth: 2 On March 16, 2011, the FDIC filed a lawsuit against three former Washington Mutual executives (Kerry K. Killinger, Stephen J. Rotella, and David C. Schneider) alleging extreme and historically unprecedented risk-taking in home loans. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known #### A 2015 regression-discontinuity study by Ghent, Hernández-Murillo, and Owyang found no visible discontinuity… Id: claim_8bb357e52c0ab488e8c92697 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 A 2015 regression-discontinuity study by Ghent, Hernández-Murillo, and Owyang found no visible discontinuity in loan originations or interest rates around GSE housing goal cutoffs. Labels: Inferred, Low #### The FCIC identified over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives as one of its nine primary conclusions, stating they f… Id: claim_9eb459ce6b6d111426546353 Parent: section_6ad3cff1673956c51bbcb5cd Depth: 2 The FCIC identified over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives as one of its nine primary conclusions, stating they fueled mortgage securitization and expanded unchecked to trillions in notional value. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known #### The claim that the 2004 net capital rule change allowed investment banks to raise leverage from 12-15:1 to 30… Id: claim_a06a66ca268c077d2ec94e53 Parent: claim_735e0279863660f78ba7c1ed Depth: 2 The claim that the 2004 net capital rule change allowed investment banks to raise leverage from 12-15:1 to 30-40:1 is contested by the SEC, which argued the net capital rule applied to broker-dealers rather than holding companies. Labels: Contested, Low, known #### The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) concluded that the 2008 financial crisis was avoidable and res… Id: claim_ac6246f56e928aa4df89d313 Parent: section_6ad3cff1673956c51bbcb5cd Depth: 2 The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) concluded that the 2008 financial crisis was avoidable and resulted from human action and inaction rather than natural causes or computer modeling failures. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known #### HUD's low-and-moderate-income goal for GSEs was 30% for 1993–1995, 40% in 1996, 42% for 1997–2000, 50% for 20… Id: claim_b009adef278d1c0bbe468f12 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 HUD's low-and-moderate-income goal for GSEs was 30% for 1993–1995, 40% in 1996, 42% for 1997–2000, 50% for 2001–2004, and ramped annually from 52% in 2005 to 56% in 2008. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### FHFA formally determined that achievement of the 2008 housing goals was infeasible and waived compliance for… Id: claim_bb766837e399f22d278089be Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 FHFA formally determined that achievement of the 2008 housing goals was infeasible and waived compliance for that year. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### Fannie Mae's single-family and multifamily mortgage purchases alone met all HUD affordable housing goals in 2… Id: claim_c57cdd57fa6688a5aa84299b Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 Fannie Mae's single-family and multifamily mortgage purchases alone met all HUD affordable housing goals in 2003 and 2004 without relying on subprime or Alt-A securities. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### A 2014 study by Moulton found that the Special Affordable Goal increased GSE purchases from very low-income b… Id: claim_c9f43a5fbd613f74ec31cc2d Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 A 2014 study by Moulton found that the Special Affordable Goal increased GSE purchases from very low-income borrowers by 4.4% but had no effect on mortgage lending. Labels: Inferred, Low #### The FCIC found that several financial industry figures appeared to have acted illegally and referred individu… Id: claim_d4077ecde61e45f60ae9d069 Parent: section_6ad3cff1673956c51bbcb5cd Depth: 2 The FCIC found that several financial industry figures appeared to have acted illegally and referred individuals for potential criminal prosecution. Labels: Source-linked, High, known #### Under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA), the definition of low-income was changed from 60… Id: claim_d5536eca3b057fab8c6dabe6 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 Under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA), the definition of low-income was changed from 60 percent to 50 percent of area median income. Labels: Inferred, Low #### HUD's October 2000 final rule explicitly excluded subprime B&C mortgages and loans lacking consideration of b… Id: claim_f078b36c2b3a26824721b930 Parent: claim_d2a64fc7f32bbb53f1e6105a Depth: 2 HUD's October 2000 final rule explicitly excluded subprime B&C mortgages and loans lacking consideration of borrower ability-to-pay from housing goal credit. Labels: Source-linked, Low #### The SEC's 2004 regulatory amendments were implemented to comply with the European Parliament's Financial Cong… Id: claim_fd5160e7fdb237bcf4c219bb Parent: claim_735e0279863660f78ba7c1ed Depth: 2 The SEC's 2004 regulatory amendments were implemented to comply with the European Parliament's Financial Conglomerates Directive (2002/87/EC), which mandated global consolidated supervision for firms operating in Europe. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ##### The Levin-Coburn staff report released on April 13, 2011 was the only bipartisan congressional report on the… Id: claim_1d3d051f922ef59a97c74d1c Parent: claim_7130c90fc4b89cdf900e34c7 Depth: 3 The Levin-Coburn staff report released on April 13, 2011 was the only bipartisan congressional report on the financial crisis, as the FCIC divided along party lines. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ##### The FCIC explicitly identified five primary causal mechanisms: widespread regulatory failures, breakdowns in… Id: claim_86cfa9f1c85a5a0c15f1baf7 Parent: claim_ac6246f56e928aa4df89d313 Depth: 3 The FCIC explicitly identified five primary causal mechanisms: widespread regulatory failures, breakdowns in corporate governance, excessive borrowing and risk-taking, ill-prepared policymakers, and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ##### The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) allowed Washington Mutual to issue hundreds of billions in high-risk O… Id: claim_adf3d496b57ad2d81883b664 Parent: claim_5a26ef26b13db9470edbdce0 Depth: 3 The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) allowed Washington Mutual to issue hundreds of billions in high-risk Option ARM mortgages knowing the bank used unsafe teaser rates and unrealistic borrower qualifications. Labels: Inferred, Medium, known ##### The Levin-Coburn Senate investigation identified widespread conflicts of interest as the central driver of th… Id: claim_cfb6e60d59009071e265ebc0 Parent: claim_7130c90fc4b89cdf900e34c7 Depth: 3 The Levin-Coburn Senate investigation identified widespread conflicts of interest as the central driver of the crisis, detailing how firms exploited clients and credit rating agencies assigned AAA ratings to high-risk assets. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ##### AIG's collateral-call crisis began months before September 2008, with counterparties demanding billions by Ju… Id: claim_d08c652b18356b9bbf3ae1ff Parent: claim_16c4881ae260e37f22a5ef18 Depth: 3 AIG's collateral-call crisis began months before September 2008, with counterparties demanding billions by June, a large share of which was requested by Goldman Sachs. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ##### Prior to the 2004 CSE rule change, Bear Stearns had already reported a gross leverage ratio of 28.0 with $226… Id: claim_d1fbbd3da5986ca1e525f405 Parent: claim_a06a66ca268c077d2ec94e53 Depth: 3 Prior to the 2004 CSE rule change, Bear Stearns had already reported a gross leverage ratio of 28.0 with $226.7 billion in total assets as of February 29, 2004. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ###### The FCIC found that AIG senior management experienced severe governance breakdowns and did not understand the… Id: claim_1dbb218d0728edbcf4b7bf01 Parent: claim_86cfa9f1c85a5a0c15f1baf7 Depth: 4 The FCIC found that AIG senior management experienced severe governance breakdowns and did not understand the terms and risks of the company's derivatives exposure. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known ###### Bear Stearns operated under an internal financial statement guideline capping its net adjusted leverage ratio… Id: claim_6fe39ce8a3230e9f8e03cf71 Parent: claim_d1fbbd3da5986ca1e525f405 Depth: 4 Bear Stearns operated under an internal financial statement guideline capping its net adjusted leverage ratio at no more than 15.0 rather than an explicit regulatory cap. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ###### Republican Senator Tom Coburn concluded that unresolved and undisclosed conflicts of interest were at the hea… Id: claim_b1706a61f5e9ad908a949855 Parent: claim_cfb6e60d59009071e265ebc0 Depth: 4 Republican Senator Tom Coburn concluded that unresolved and undisclosed conflicts of interest were at the heart of the financial crisis rather than government housing policy. Labels: Inferred, Low, known ###### The FCIC rejected claims that regulators lacked authority, noting that the SEC could have limited risky pract… Id: claim_f21f92cd8994415f73131f86 Parent: claim_86cfa9f1c85a5a0c15f1baf7 Depth: 4 The FCIC rejected claims that regulators lacked authority, noting that the SEC could have limited risky practices and required more capital at major investment banks, and the New York Fed could have intervened in Citigroup's excesses. Labels: Source-linked, Low, known